About This Guide |
Audience |
New and Changed Features |
Organization |
Related Documents |
Reader's Comments |
Conventions |
1 | Overview of Digital UNIX System Administration |
1.1 | The Digital UNIX System Administrator |
1.2 | Starting Up and Shutting Down the System |
1.3 | Customizing the System Environment |
1.4 | Configuring the Kernel |
1.5 | Administering Dynamic Device Recognition |
1.6 | Administering the UNIX File System |
1.7 | Administering the Advanced File System |
1.8 | Administering the Logical Storage Manager |
1.9 | Administering User Accounts and Groups |
1.10 | Administering the Print Services |
1.11 | Administering the Archiving Services |
1.12 | Administering System Accounting Services |
1.13 | Administering Events and Errors |
1.14 | Appendixes |
1.14.1 | Device Mnemonics |
1.14.2 | SCSI/CAM Utility Program |
1.14.3 | CI and HSC Hardware |
1.14.4 | Using the uerf Error Logger |
1.14.5 | Administering Specific Hardware Devices |
2 | System Administration Tools and Methods |
2.1 | Scripts and Files |
2.2 | CDE Graphical User Interface |
2.2.1 | CDE Administration Tools |
2.2.2 | Accessing the SysMan Tools |
2.3 | Remote System Administration |
2.3.1 | Setting Up a Console Port |
2.3.1.1 | Connecting the Modem to COMM1 |
2.3.1.2 | Setting the Configurable DCD Timer Value |
2.3.1.3 | Setting the Console Environment Variables |
2.3.1.4 | Verifying the Modem Setup |
2.3.2 | Initiating a Console Port Connection |
2.3.2.1 | Using the Console Port |
2.3.2.1.1 | Turning off Console Log Messages |
2.3.2.1.2 | Shutting Down The Remote System |
2.3.2.1.3 | Ending a Remote Session |
2.3.3 | Troubleshooting |
3 | Starting Up and Shutting Down the System |
3.1 | Understanding the Boot Operation |
3.2 | Preparing to Boot the Installed System |
3.2.1 | Preparing to Boot a Powered-Down System |
3.2.2 | Preparing to Boot a Powered-Up, Halted System |
3.2.3 | Preparing to Transition from Single-User Mode |
3.2.4 | Preparing to Boot a Crashed System |
3.3 | Booting the System |
3.3.1 | Defining the Console Environment Variables and Using the Boot Commands |
3.3.2 | Overriding the Boot Commands |
3.4 | Identifying the System Run Levels |
3.5 | Changing the System Run Levels |
3.5.1 | Changing Run Levels from Single-User Mode |
3.5.2 | Changing Run Levels from Multiuser Mode |
3.5.2.1 | Changing to a Different Multiuser Run Level |
3.5.2.2 | Changing to Single-User Mode |
3.5.2.3 | Reexamining the inittab File |
3.6 | Symmetric Multiprocessing |
3.6.1 | Adding CPUs to an Existing System |
3.6.2 | Unattended Reboots on Multiprocessor Systems |
3.7 | Setting and Resetting the System Clock |
3.8 | Resolving Booting Problems |
3.9 | Shutting Down the System |
3.10 | Stopping Systems While in Multiuser Mode |
3.10.1 | Shutting Down the System and Warning Other Users |
3.10.2 | Shutting Down and Halting the System |
3.10.3 | Shutting Down and Automatically Rebooting the System |
3.10.4 | Shutting Down and Halting Systems Immediately |
3.11 | Stopping Systems While in Single-User Mode |
4 | Customizing the System Environment |
4.1 | Identifying and Modifying the System Initialization Files |
4.1.1 | Using the /etc/inittab File |
4.1.1.1 | Specifying the Initialization Default Run Level |
4.1.1.2 | Specifying wait Run Levels |
4.1.1.3 | Specifying bootwait Run Levels |
4.1.1.4 | Specifying Console Run Levels |
4.1.1.5 | Specifying Terminals and Terminal Run Levels |
4.1.1.6 | Specifying Process Run Levels |
4.1.1.7 | Securing a Terminal Line |
4.1.2 | Using the init and rc Directory Structure |
4.1.2.1 | The init.d Directory |
4.1.2.2 | The rc0.d Directory and rc0 Run Command Script |
4.1.2.3 | The rc2.d Directory and rc2 Run Command Script |
4.1.2.4 | The rc3.d Directory and rc3 Run Command Script |
4.1.3 | Using the crontabs Directory |
4.2 | Identifying and Managing National Language Support Directories and Files |
4.2.1 | Setting Locale |
4.2.2 | Modifying Locale Categories |
4.2.3 | Limitations of Locale Variables |
4.2.4 | Setting Environment Variables for Message Catalogs and Locales |
4.3 | Customizing Internationalization Features |
4.4 | Customizing Your Time Zone |
4.5 | Customizing System Security |
4.6 | Customizing Performance Monitors |
4.6.1 | Monitoring Performance History Utility |
4.6.2 | Performance Monitor |
4.6.3 | Performance Manager |
4.6.4 | UNIX Commands and Scripts |
4.7 | Customizing Power Management |
4.7.1 | Using the dxpower Utility's Graphical User Interface |
4.7.2 | Implementing Power Management from the Command Line |
4.7.2.1 | Changing the Power Management Values |
4.7.2.2 | Changing a Running Kernel or X Server |
5 | Configuring the Kernel |
5.1 | System Configuration at Installation Time |
5.2 | Deciding When and How to Reconfigure Your Kernel |
5.3 | Dynamic System Configuration |
5.3.1 | Configuring Subsystems |
5.3.2 | Querying Subsystem State |
5.3.3 | Determining Subsystem Type |
5.3.4 | Unloading a Subsystem |
5.3.5 | Maintaining the List of Automatically Configured Subsystems |
5.3.6 | Managing Subsystem Attributes |
5.3.6.1 | Determining the Value of Subsystem Attributes |
5.3.6.2 | Identifying Dynamic Subsystem Attributes |
5.3.6.3 | Modifying Dynamic Subsystem Attributes at Run Time |
5.3.7 | Managing Subsystems and Attributes Remotely |
5.3.8 | Managing the Subsystem Attributes Database |
5.3.8.1 | Listing Attributes in the Database |
5.3.8.2 | Adding Attributes to the Database |
5.3.8.3 | Merging New Definitions into Existing Database Entries |
5.3.8.4 | Updating Attributes in the Database |
5.3.8.5 | Removing Attribute Definitions from the Database |
5.3.8.6 | Deleting Subsystem Entries from the Database |
5.4 | Static System Configuration |
5.4.1 | Building the Kernel to Add Support for a New Device |
5.4.2 | Building the Kernel to Add Selected Kernel Options |
5.4.3 | Building a Kernel After Editing System Files |
5.5 | Static Configuration Files |
5.5.1 | System Configuration Files |
5.5.2 | Extensions to the Target Configuration File |
5.5.3 | The param.c File |
5.6 | Configuration File Entries |
5.6.1 | Global Keywords |
5.6.1.1 | Kernel Identification |
5.6.1.2 | Time Zone |
5.6.1.3 | Process Memory Size Limits |
5.6.1.4 | System V Functionality |
5.6.1.5 | System V IPC |
5.6.1.6 | Expected Number of Simultaneous Users |
5.6.1.7 | Maximum Number of clists |
5.6.1.8 | Maximum Number of Open Files |
5.6.1.9 | Maximum Number of Threads |
5.6.1.10 | Maximum Number of System Threads |
5.6.1.11 | Maximum Number of Processes |
5.6.1.12 | Maximum Number of User Processes |
5.6.1.13 | Maximum Number of Callouts |
5.6.1.14 | File System Metadata Cache Size |
5.6.1.15 | Machine Architecture |
5.6.1.16 | Machine Type |
5.6.1.17 | System SCS Identifier |
5.6.1.18 | Virtual Memory |
5.6.2 | System Definition Keyword |
5.6.3 | Device Definition Keywords |
5.6.4 | The callout Keyword Definitions |
5.6.5 | The options Keyword Definitions |
5.6.5.1 | Symmetrical Multiprocessing |
5.6.5.2 | Real-Time Processing |
5.6.5.3 | Maximum Size of Switch Tables |
5.6.5.4 | File System Configuration |
5.6.5.5 | File System Types, File Formats, and Locking |
5.6.5.6 | Standard Digital UNIX Kernel Features and Dependencies |
5.6.5.7 | Remote Kernel Debugging |
5.6.5.8 | Network Time Protocol Daemon |
5.6.5.9 | Autonice Threads Prioritizing |
5.6.5.10 | Statistics Functionality |
5.6.5.11 | Network and Communications Protocols and Dependencies |
5.6.5.12 | Terminal Subsystem |
5.6.6 | The makeoptions Keywords |
5.6.7 | The pseudo-device Keywords |
5.6.7.1 | Mandatory Definitions |
5.6.7.2 | Graphics |
5.6.7.3 | Prestoserve |
5.6.7.4 | Terminal Service |
5.6.7.5 | Logical Storage Manager |
5.6.7.6 | Ethernet ARP |
5.6.7.7 | Gateway Screen |
5.6.7.8 | Packetfilter |
5.6.7.9 | Network Loopback Device |
5.6.7.10 | Additional STREAMS Definitions |
6 | Administering Devices with Dynamic Device Recognition |
6.1 | Understanding Dynamic Device Recognition |
6.1.1 | Conforming to Standards |
6.1.2 | Understanding DDR Messages |
6.1.3 | Getting Help with ddr_config Options |
6.2 | Changing the DDR Database |
6.3 | Converting Customized cam_data.c Information |
6.4 | Adding Pseudoterminals and Devices without Using DDR |
6.4.1 | Adding Pseudoterminals |
6.4.2 | Adding Disk and Tape Drives |
7 | Administering the UNIX File System |
7.1 | File Systems and Logical Storage |
7.1.1 | Disk Partitions |
7.1.2 | Adding Swap Space |
7.1.2.1 | How Swap Space is Allocated |
7.1.2.2 | Estimating Swap Space Requirements |
7.1.2.3 | Selecting the Swap Space Allocation Method |
7.1.3 | UNIX File System Structure |
7.1.4 | File System and Directory Hierarchy |
7.1.5 | Directories and File Types |
7.1.6 | Device Special Files |
7.2 | Creating File Systems |
7.3 | Checking File Systems |
7.4 | Accessing File Systems |
7.4.1 | Using the mount Command |
7.4.2 | Using the umount Command |
7.5 | Tuning File Systems |
7.6 | Maintaining Disks |
7.7 | Monitoring Disk Use |
7.7.1 | Checking Available Free Space |
7.7.2 | Checking Disk Use |
7.7.3 | Setting User and Group Quotas for UFS |
7.7.3.1 | Hard and Soft Quota Limits |
7.7.3.2 | Activating File System Quotas |
7.7.4 | Verifying Disk Quotas |
7.8 | Partitioning Disks |
7.9 | Cloning Disks |
7.10 | Checking for Overlapping Partitions |
8 | Administering the POLYCENTER Advanced File System |
8.1 | Features and Benefits |
8.2 | AdvFS Design Overview |
8.2.1 | File Domains |
8.2.2 | Filesets and File Systems |
8.3 | File Storage Allocation |
8.3.1 | Allocation Policy |
8.3.2 | Fragments |
8.3.3 | Policy Allocation Limitations |
8.4 | Setting Up the Advanced File System |
8.5 | Managing File System and Fileset Quotas |
8.6 | Backing Up Data |
8.7 | Restoring the fdmns Directory |
8.7.1 | Restoring from Backup Media |
8.7.2 | Reconstructing the Directory |
8.8 | Restarting the System |
8.8.1 | System Interruption |
8.8.2 | Media Failure |
8.9 | Converting the root File System |
8.10 | Converting the /usr File System from UFS to AdvFS |
8.10.1 | Using a Backup Tape to Convert the /usr File System from UFS to AdvFS |
8.10.2 | Using an Intermediate File to Convert from UFS to AdvFS |
8.10.3 | Converting from One Disk to Another Disk |
8.11 | Converting a Data File System from UFS to AdvFS |
8.11.1 | Using a Backup Tape to Convert a Data File System from UFS to AdvFS |
8.11.2 | Transferring an Existing Data File System and Converting It to AdvFS |
9 | Administering the Logical Storage Manager |
9.1 | Features and Benefits |
9.2 | Understanding the LSM Components |
9.2.1 | LSM Objects |
9.2.2 | LSM Disks |
9.2.3 | Naming LSM Disks |
9.2.4 | LSM Disk Groups |
9.2.5 | LSM Configuration Databases |
9.2.6 | Moving and Replacing LSM Disks in a Disk Group |
9.3 | LSM System Administration |
9.4 | LSM System Administration Commands |
9.4.1 | Top-Down Command |
9.4.2 | Bottom-Up Commands |
9.4.3 | Information Command |
9.5 | Planning an LSM Configuration |
9.6 | Implementing an LSM Configuration |
9.6.1 | Reenabling LSM |
9.6.2 | Setting up LSM |
9.6.3 | Adding a Disk to a Disk Group |
9.6.4 | Creating a Volume in a Disk Group |
9.6.5 | Mirroring a Volume |
9.6.6 | Changing the Size of a Volume |
10 | Administering User Accounts and Groups |
10.1 | Understanding User Accounts and Groups |
10.1.1 | The Password File |
10.1.2 | The Group File |
10.1.3 | The Administrative Tools |
10.2 | Adding a User Account |
10.2.1 | Adding a User Account with the adduser Utility |
10.2.2 | Adding a User Account Manually |
10.2.2.1 | Adding a User Account to the passwd File |
10.2.2.2 | Adding an Entry to the group File |
10.2.2.3 | Providing the Default Shell Scripts |
10.2.2.4 | Assigning a Password |
10.2.2.5 | Verifying the Accuracy of the group and passwd Files |
10.3 | Changing Information in a User Account |
10.3.1 | Changing Passwords |
10.3.2 | Changing the user_info Field |
10.3.3 | Changing the Login Shell |
10.3.4 | Setting File System Quotas |
10.3.4.1 | Understanding User Account and Group Quota Limits |
10.3.4.2 | Setting File System Quotas for User Accounts |
10.4 | Removing a User Account |
10.4.1 | Removing a User Account with the removeuser Utility |
10.4.2 | Removing a User Account Manually |
10.4.3 | Removing a User's Files and Directories |
10.4.4 | Removing a User's Account from the group File |
10.4.5 | Removing a User's Account from the passwd File |
10.5 | Adding and Removing Groups |
10.5.1 | Adding a Group with the addgroup Utility |
10.5.2 | Adding a Group Manually |
10.5.3 | Removing a Group |
11 | Administering the Print Services |
11.1 | Administrative Tasks |
11.2 | Interfaces to Print Services |
11.3 | Print Services Commands |
11.4 | Using lprsetup to Set Up the Print System |
11.4.1 | Gathering Information |
11.4.1.1 | Printer Name |
11.4.1.2 | Printer Type |
11.4.1.3 | Printer Synonyms |
11.4.1.4 | Device Special File |
11.4.1.5 | Printer Accounting |
11.4.1.6 | Spooler Directory |
11.4.1.7 | Error Log File |
11.4.1.8 | Connection Type |
11.4.1.9 | Baud Rate |
11.4.2 | Using lprsetup to Install a Printer |
11.4.3 | Setting Up Remote Printers |
11.4.4 | Testing Printers |
11.5 | Routine Operations |
11.5.1 | Adding Printers |
11.5.2 | Modifying Printers |
11.5.3 | Removing Printers |
11.5.4 | Enabling Printer Accounting |
11.5.5 | Controlling Local Print Jobs and Queues |
11.6 | Reference Information |
11.6.1 | Line Printer Daemon |
11.6.2 | Spooling Directories |
11.6.2.1 | Spooling Directory Files |
11.6.2.2 | Creating a Spooling Directory |
11.6.3 | The /etc/printcap File |
11.6.4 | Line Printer Daemon Filter Directory |
11.6.5 | Flag Bits |
11.6.6 | Mode Bits |
11.6.7 | Remote Printer Characteristics |
11.6.8 | Pagination and Imaging Parameters |
11.7 | Troubleshooting |
11.7.1 | Installation and Routine Operations |
11.7.2 | Printer Error Logging |
11.8 | TCP/IP (telnet) Printing |
11.8.1 | Setting up TCP/IP Printing |
11.8.2 | Using TCP/IP Printing |
11.8.3 | Known Restrictions on the Use of TCP/IP Printing |
12 | Administering the Archiving Services |
12.1 | NetWorker SingleServer Save and Restore |
12.2 | POLYCENTER NetWorker Save and Restore |
12.3 | Bootable Tape |
12.3.1 | Using the btcreate Utility |
12.3.1.1 | Gathering Information |
12.3.1.2 | Creating the SAS Kernel |
12.3.2 | Using the btextract Utility |
12.4 | Backing Up Data |
12.4.1 | Choosing a Backup Schedule |
12.4.2 | Performing a Full Backup |
12.4.3 | Performing an Incremental Backup |
12.4.4 | Performing a Remote Backup |
12.4.5 | Using Backup Scripts |
12.5 | Restoring Data |
12.5.1 | Restoring a File System |
12.5.2 | Restoring Files |
12.5.3 | Restoring Files Interactively |
12.5.4 | Performing Remote Restores |
12.5.5 | Restoring the root and /usr File Systems |
12.5.5.1 | Local Restoration Example |
12.5.5.2 | Remote Restoration Example |
13 | Administering the System Accounting Services |
13.1 | Accounting Overview |
13.1.1 | Accounting Shell Scripts and Commands |
13.1.2 | Accounting Files |
13.2 | Setting Up Accounting |
13.2.1 | Enabling Accounting in the rc.config File |
13.2.2 | Creating the qacct and pacct Files |
13.2.3 | Editing the holidays File |
13.2.4 | Modifying the crontab Files |
13.3 | Starting Up and Stopping Accounting |
13.4 | Connect Session Accounting |
13.4.1 | The wtmpfix Command |
13.4.2 | The fwtmp Command |
13.4.3 | The acctwtmp Command |
13.4.4 | The ac Command |
13.4.5 | The acctcon1 Command |
13.4.6 | The acctcon2 Command |
13.4.7 | The prctmp Shell Script |
13.4.8 | The lastlogin Shell Script |
13.4.9 | The last Command |
13.5 | Process Accounting |
13.5.1 | The accton Command |
13.5.2 | The turnacct Shell Script |
13.5.3 | The ckpacct Shell Script |
13.5.4 | The acctcom Command |
13.5.5 | The sa Command |
13.5.6 | The acctcms Command |
13.5.7 | The acctprc1 Command |
13.5.8 | The acctprc2 Command |
13.5.9 | The lastcomm Command |
13.6 | Disk Usage Accounting |
13.6.1 | The dodisk Shell Script |
13.6.2 | The diskusg Command |
13.6.3 | The acctdusg Command |
13.6.4 | The acctdisk Command |
13.7 | System Administration Service Accounting |
13.8 | Printer Accounting |
13.9 | Creating Daily, Summary, and Monthly Report Files |
13.9.1 | The runacct Shell Script |
13.9.1.1 | Correcting runacct Shell Script Errors |
13.9.1.2 | Examples of Errors and Corrective Actions |
13.9.2 | The acctmerg Command |
13.9.3 | The prtacct Shell Script |
13.9.4 | The prdaily Shell Script |
13.9.5 | The monacct Shell Script |
14 | Administering Events and Errors |
14.1 | Using the System Exercisers |
14.1.1 | Running System Exercisers |
14.1.2 | Using Exerciser Diagnostics |
14.1.3 | Exercising a File System |
14.1.4 | Exercising System Memory |
14.1.5 | Exercising Shared Memory |
14.1.6 | Exercising a Disk Drive |
14.1.7 | Exercising a Tape Drive |
14.1.8 | Exercising the Terminal Communication System |
14.2 | Understanding the Event-Logging Facilities |
14.2.1 | System Event Logging |
14.2.2 | Binary Event Logging |
14.3 | Configuring Event Logging |
14.3.1 | Editing the Configuration Files |
14.3.1.1 | The syslog.conf File |
14.3.1.2 | The binlog.conf File |
14.3.2 | Creating the Special Files |
14.3.3 | Starting and Stopping the Event-Logging Daemons |
14.3.3.1 | The syslogd Daemon |
14.3.3.2 | The binlogd Daemon |
14.3.4 | Configuring the Kernel Binary Event Logger |
14.4 | Recovering Event Logs After a System Crash |
14.5 | Maintaining Log Files |
14.6 | Environmental Monitoring |
14.6.1 | Environmental Monitoring Framework |
14.6.1.1 | Loadable Kernel Module |
14.6.1.1.1 | Specifying Loadable Kernel Attributes |
14.6.1.1.2 | Obtaining Platform Specific Functions |
14.6.1.1.3 | Server System MIB Subagent |
14.6.1.2 | Monitoring Environmental Thresholds |
14.6.1.2.1 | Environmental Monitoring Daemon |
14.6.1.2.2 | Customizing the envmond Daemon |
A | Device Mnemonics |
B | SCSI/CAM Utility Program |
B.1 | Introduction |
B.2 | SCU Utility Conventions |
B.3 | General SCU Commands |
B.4 | Device and Bus Management Commands |
B.5 | Device and Bus Maintenance Commands |
C | Support of the CI and HSC Hardware |
C.1 | Hardware Setup, Restrictions, and Revision Levels |
C.2 | Software Installation and Restrictions |
C.3 | Configuration File Entries |
C.4 | Booting an HSC Controller or an HSC Disk |
C.5 | Sharing Disk and Tape Units Among Several Hosts |
D | Using the uerf Event Logger |
D.1 | Specifying the Report Source |
D.1.1 | Selecting the Event Class |
D.1.2 | Selecting Disk Events |
D.1.3 | Selecting Mainframe Events |
D.1.4 | Selecting Events As They Occur |
D.1.5 | Selecting Operating System Events |
D.1.6 | Selecting Tape Events |
D.1.7 | Generating Reports from Files |
D.1.8 | Generating Reports for Hosts |
D.1.9 | Selecting Events by Record Code |
D.2 | Restricting Events |
D.2.1 | Specifying Sequence Numbers |
D.2.2 | Specifying a Time Range |
D.2.3 | Specifying Unit Numbers |
D.2.4 | Excluding Reported Events |
D.3 | Controlling the Report Output |
D.3.1 | Generating Summary Reports |
D.3.2 | Specifying the Type of Output |
D.3.3 | Generating Reports in Reverse Chronological Order |
D.3.4 | Displaying Hexadecimal Output |
E | Administering Specific Hardware Devices |
E.1 | Introduction |
E.2 | PCMCIA Support |
E.2.1 | Restrictions |
E.2.2 | Configuring the PCMCIA Adapter Board from the Console |
E.2.2.1 | Configuring on an ISA Bus System |
E.2.2.2 | Configuring on an EISA Bus System |
E.2.3 | Configuring and Using a PCMCIA Modem PC Card |
E.2.4 | Creating a Device Special File for the Modem Card |
E.2.5 | /etc/remote File |
E.2.6 | Inserting a PCMCIA Modem Card |
E.2.7 | Removing a PCMCIA Modem Card |
E.3 | CalComp Graphics Tablet |
E.3.1 | Configuring the CalComp DrawingBoard III Tablet |
E.3.2 | Notes and Restrictions |
Index |